Egyptian History Essay Example for Free

Egyptian History Essay The period in Egypt from 2660 to 1100 BC can be considered as a very important time in Egyptian history as it witnessed many changes in how the land was ruled. This period in time experienced wars and changes in leadership, slowly molding the Egyptian nation into what it is today. These people and events not only played an important role in Egypt’s history but also for the rest of the world. One specific period during this time was the Old Kingdom, back to the time when Egypt was ruled by the Third Dynasty all throughout the Sixth Dynasty. During this time, the capital of Egypt was located at Memphis, and the ruling pharaoh was Djoser. This period in time was known for the construction of large pyramids, which were built to serve as the burial places for pharaohs and other important persons during that time. This was considered as the Age of Pyramids. During this time only the pharaoh ruled the former independent ancient states of Egypt which was known as nomes. The former ruler of these states were forced to take the role of governor, else, they’ll have to work in the tax collection area. During this time, the pharaoh is not only recognized as a ruler but as a god, and was worshipped by all his subordinates. This is because of the belief that worshipping these gods would mean assurance of the annual flooding of the Nile River. This is because agriculture during this time centered on the â€Å"fertile crescent† or the area which has been flooded by the Nile. All their crops are dependent on this annual flooding, as Egypt is filled with barren lands and desserts which they cannot use for farming and agriculture and the river is their only hope for scarce food supplies. This period of time also witnessed feuds between different rulers which resulted from the fall of the Old Kingdom. The previous kingdom collapsed as a result of civil conflict which was insinuated by regional governors waging wars on each other. The unity of the kingdom weakened, causing it to finally fall. The case worsened as the lands were plagued with severe drought, resulting to a drop in rainfall, affecting the normal flooding of the Nile River. Decades of famine and strife followed eventually. Intermediate periods have risen afterwards, wherein there were several acting rulers and leaders, further complicating the matters. This has lead to many wars between the different peoples of Egypt, since no one held power over the whole nation. To make matters worse, neighboring lands were starting to invade Egypt, hoping to besiege the already war-torn nation. Because of this, consolidations were made by local leaders and a new line of pharaohs have been formed. After several changes in the ruling heads, Egypt was able to prosper further and continued to exist many years after. Some pharaohs were able to expand their influence, thus making the nation wealthier and more powerful. This period however, ended in another intermediate period wherein the power has been divided between the recognized king which was Smendes and the High Priests of Amun at Thebes. The king ruled the northern half of the nation while the High Priests took control of the southern part of the country. This division proved to be less significant since both the ruling king and high priests came from the same family line.

Designing of a 4 Bit Transmission System Using Lasers

Designing of a 4 Bit Transmission System Using Lasers Title: Laser Communication System Abstract: Communication is a common need. But there are places where wired and frequency wave communication is not possible. Laser as a new form of communication can communicate over those barriers. This paper deals with designing of a 4 bit transmission system using Laser. This is faster and cheaper communication medium. Laser light has higher intensity, efficiency, as well as better visibility and performance quality. It provides a much simpler communication system and reducing the complex wiring. Introduction: Communication is an inseparable part of our life. Search for new mediums of communication is an eternal search that is seen in human history. Newer forms of communication solve the constraints of traditional forms of communication. Today, communication demands more bandwidth allocation, power requirement, accuracy and security in everywhere in everyplace. World needs sufficient mediums to communicate solving the hurdles. As a communication medium wired communication, optical fiber communication, wireless communication over radio frequency has been established so far. A new form of communication medium like laser communication can bring a new era of communication technology where these communication mediums have limitations. Laser communication system do not need wire like wired and optical also do not need licensed frequency channel like RF. This communication is reliable, economic, and speedy can replace wireless, fiber optic communication. Laser communication is interesting and important as it can be used in general as well as for confidential data transmission even for inters building communication like in office or in a conference room. Laser is attractive in a sense that it has features like worldwide availability, unlicensed bandwidth, non-interference with radio bands. Introducing laser communication is not that easy. In the past data were converted into analog waves but the new communication form will have different way of sending data likewise laser communication converts data into laser light. Many researches have been conducted over this topic. Most of the laser communication research was done on earth station and outer space satellites. Other researches done on laser based communication are either costly or inefficient. So there remains scope and need for further research. This paper shows a system that can send data over laser beam using a simpler and cheap circuit. Numerical data from 0-9 mapped into 4 bit binary and send over laser beam which taking as a base can send all computer data over laser. This paper did not conducted research on the laser directionality. No solution is given on the correct positioning of the laser beam. In the next section, related works and then Laser communication system providing components, transmitter and receiver design, constraints and future work can be found. Finally, Section 4 summarizes contributions. 2. Laser Communication System: A laser communication system requires a Transmitter and a Receiver. For better performance 4 laser torch is used so the system can give send and receive 4 parallel bit. These increases speeds by 4X. For demonstration purpose two transmitter and receiver circuit is given. The first transmitter and receiver coded numeric number 0-9 manually and in second transmitter and receiver used encoder and decoder. 2.1 Components: Laser Torch: A process of optical amplification is used in laser to emit light based on the stimulated of photons. It is highly directed beam/intense light and power efficient. Resistors: It restricts the flow of current. It is used to restrict excessive power from destroying the laser torch. Voltage Source: It provides voltage difference. Power source of the circuit. Buttons: Enables and restrict power flow. It is used to represent number 0-9. LED bulb: Glows when power is supplied. Used to show output. Encoder: Converts decimal to binary. Decoder: Converts binary to decimal. Photodiode: This device provides current flow if gets hit by a light beam. Used to detect laser beam. 2.2 Transmitter Design: The first transmitter circuit requires a 1 voltage source, buttons 0 – 9, 4 resistor, 5 4input OR gate, 1 2input OR gate and 4 lasers. Button 0-9 represents numeric 0-9. The input 0-9 mapped as the figure below. To construct circuit for the mapped input the equation user is: Laser 1 = 1 (OR) 5 (OR) 8 (OR) 0 = 1 + 5 + 8 + 0 Laser 2 = 2 (OR) 6 (OR) 9 (OR) 0 = 2 + 6 + 9 + 0 Laser 3 = 3 (OR) 7 (OR) 8 (OR) 9 (OR) 0 = 3 + 7 + 8 + 9 + 0 Laser 4 = 4 (OR) 5 (OR) 6 (OR) 7 (OR) 8 (OR) 9 (OR) 0 = 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 + 9 + 0 The constructed circuit is given below. T1 The input can also be through by using an encoder. The second transmitter circuit requires 1 voltage source, 4 Resistor, 4bit encoder, buttons 0-9 and 4 lasers. The constructed circuit is given below. T2 2.3 Receiver Design: The first receiver for the first transmitter requires 1 voltage source, 4 photodiode, 4 NOT gate, 4 resistor, 3 2input AND gate, 7 4input AND gate and 10 led. The input of 4 photodiode mapped into 0-9 led representing numerical 0-9 like below. To construct circuit for the mapped input the equation user is: Led 1 = Laser 1 (AND) Laser 4’ = 1 * 4’ Led 2 = Laser 2 (AND) Laser 4’ = 2 * 4’ Led 3 = Laser 3 (AND) Laser 4’ = 3 * 4’ Led 4 = Laser 1’ (AND) Laser 2’ (AND) Laser 3’ (AND) Laser 4 = 1’ * 2’ * 3’ * 4 Led 5 = Laser 1 (AND) Laser 2’ (AND) Laser 3’ (AND) Laser 4 = 1 * 2’ * 3’ * 4 Led 6 = Laser 1’ (AND) Laser 2 (AND) Laser 3’ (AND) Laser 4 = 1’ * 2 * 3’ * 4 Led 7 = Laser 1’ (AND) Laser 2’ (AND) Laser 3 (AND) Laser 4 = 1’ * 2’ * 3 * 4 Led 8 = Laser 1 (AND) Laser 2’ (AND) Laser 3 (AND) Laser 4 = 1 * 2’ * 3 * 4 Led 9 = Laser 1’ (AND) Laser 2 (AND) Laser 3 (AND) Laser 4 = 1’ * 2 * 3 * 4 Led 0 = Laser 1 (AND) Laser 2 (AND) Laser 3 (AND) Laser 4 = 1 * 2 * 3 * 4 The constructed circuit is given below. R1 The second receiver 2nd transmitter circuit requires 1 voltage source, 4 photodiode, 10bit decoder, 10 resistor and 10 led. The constructed circuit is given below. R2 2.4 Constraints: The factors such as beam dispersion, background light, shadowing, rain, fog, snow, pollution, smog causes an attenuated received signal and lead to higher bit error rates. For longer distance communication high power laser is required which is costly. The laser and photodiode position have to be correct which gets difficult with longer distance. 2.5 Future work: To provided data computer or any smart device is a remarkable source. Microcontroller will make it more sophisticated. 4 bit data transfer through 4 lasers with TDM (Time Division Multiplexing) can give a super speed and reliability. Improved design of this system can be used to transmit confidential data over long distance with more powered lasers. 3. Related work: 4. Conclusion: We explored the use of light based carriers for transfer of information. This paper emphasis on the study of laser as a communication medium. Upon study a newer form of communication medium like wireless, optical fiber etc can be established. Laser Torch Based Transmission and Reception are cheaper and simpler in construction. Blue-Tooth can also be used for transmission and Reception purpose, but its range is small compared with their price. 5. References:

Color Coded: A Cultural Critique of the Role of Color in African Ameri

As a race of people that have an extensive history of being enslaved and oppressed for several generations, African Americans have gained a myriad of twisted ideologies that have been passed down for generations. One that is very intrinsic to general mindset of the community is the belief that light skinned African Americans are superior to their dark skinned counterparts. Furthermore, this ideology has also affected the standards of beauty within the race and has altered the self-image, aspirations, and overall psyche of the black woman. This paper will explain how the base belief, that light skinned African Americans are a cut above dark skinned African Americans, is the product of countless generations’ worth of gloomy history that has managed to continue into the 21st century. This subject is of particular to this researcher because of how it has managed to deeply affect an entire race of people to the point that their view of themselves has been skewed by events experienced by their past generations. It is also of interest because it provides insight into why some black individuals have undergone certain negative or preferential treatment throughout their lives due to the color of their flesh. This topic is of great magnitude because it will allow many people of the race to realize that their self-images and ideologies are much distorted. â€Å"The Role of Skin Color and Features in the Black Community† by Angela Neal and Midge Wilson is a piece of work that not only explains how color and physical features play a role in Black America but also provides a historical account of how shades of skin became such an important factor. The article delves into previously uncharted territory by also analyzing how the Black woman is e... ... Works Cited Baruti, Mwalimu K. . "The Slavers." Kebuka! Remembering the middle passage through the eyes of our ancestors. Kearney: Morris Publishing, 2005. 23-61. Print. Braude, Marjorie. "Black Women and the Politics of Skin Color and Hair." Women, power and therapy: issues for women : [papers presented at institutes held during annual meetings of the American Orthopsychiatric Assoc. in 1983 and 1984. New York u.a.: Haworth Pr., 1988. 89-100. Print.. Morrison, Toni. The Bluest Eye. New York: Plume Book, 1979. Print. Neal, Angela M. , and Midge L. Wilson. "The role of skin color and features in the black community: Implications for black women and therapy." Clinical Psychology Review 9.3 (1989): 323-333. Depaul. Web. 28 Mar. 2011. Parrish, C. (1944). The significance of color in the Negro community. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Chicago

The Existence of God †A Very Brief History :: Analysis, Descartes, Leibniz

The subsequent essay will cover a brief history on the existence of God from Renà © Descartes through Immanuel Kant. First, section (1), examines Descartes’ ontological argument for the existence of God. Following this, in (2), I consider G.W. Leibniz’s view which seeks to rectify some of Descartes shortcomings. Descartes and Leibniz believed that the existence of God could be proved via reason. The remainder of the essay then examines two additional philosophers, David Hume in section (4) and Immanuel Kant in (5), who content that God’s existence cannot be rationally proved. (1) Being a devout Catholic, Descartes, undeniably believed in God. He makes this clear in the beginning of Meditations on First Philosophy. He writes that we must â€Å"believe in God’s existence because it is taught in the Holy Scriptures, and, conversely, that we must believe in the Holy Scriptures because they have come from God† (Descartes, 1). Nonetheless, in his search for absolute certainty, Descartes casts doubt on everything, including religion. In the Third Meditation, Descartes considers the existence of God, conceding that, â€Å"I do not yet sufficiently know if there is even a God† (25). Succinctly, Descartes does not know if God exists with any certainty. He then deliberates â€Å"whether there is a God† (25). However, even though he questions God’s existence, Descartes still maintains an innate idea of a substance that is an â€Å"infinite, independent, supremely intelligent and supremely powerful† perfect being who create d everything (30). After deliberating, he concludes that because of his innate idea of God, (which was not conjured by the mind or drawn from the senses), it must therefore be God who endowed him with the idea. Moreover, because Descartes exists and has an idea of God, he concludes that God must also exist. He explicitly states this in the following: â€Å"I have no choice but to conclude that the mere fact of my existing is and of there being in me an idea of a most perfect being, that is God, demonstrates most evidently that God too exists† (34). Then, in the Fifth Meditation, Descartes claims to provide a proof for the existence of God. The proof operates on the idea of a triangle which has â€Å"a certain determinate nature, essence, or form which is unchangeable and eternal† (43). Descartes continues his proof stating that the properties of a triangle are not fabricated by or dependent on his mind. The Existence of God – A Very Brief History :: Analysis, Descartes, Leibniz The subsequent essay will cover a brief history on the existence of God from Renà © Descartes through Immanuel Kant. First, section (1), examines Descartes’ ontological argument for the existence of God. Following this, in (2), I consider G.W. Leibniz’s view which seeks to rectify some of Descartes shortcomings. Descartes and Leibniz believed that the existence of God could be proved via reason. The remainder of the essay then examines two additional philosophers, David Hume in section (4) and Immanuel Kant in (5), who content that God’s existence cannot be rationally proved. (1) Being a devout Catholic, Descartes, undeniably believed in God. He makes this clear in the beginning of Meditations on First Philosophy. He writes that we must â€Å"believe in God’s existence because it is taught in the Holy Scriptures, and, conversely, that we must believe in the Holy Scriptures because they have come from God† (Descartes, 1). Nonetheless, in his search for absolute certainty, Descartes casts doubt on everything, including religion. In the Third Meditation, Descartes considers the existence of God, conceding that, â€Å"I do not yet sufficiently know if there is even a God† (25). Succinctly, Descartes does not know if God exists with any certainty. He then deliberates â€Å"whether there is a God† (25). However, even though he questions God’s existence, Descartes still maintains an innate idea of a substance that is an â€Å"infinite, independent, supremely intelligent and supremely powerful† perfect being who create d everything (30). After deliberating, he concludes that because of his innate idea of God, (which was not conjured by the mind or drawn from the senses), it must therefore be God who endowed him with the idea. Moreover, because Descartes exists and has an idea of God, he concludes that God must also exist. He explicitly states this in the following: â€Å"I have no choice but to conclude that the mere fact of my existing is and of there being in me an idea of a most perfect being, that is God, demonstrates most evidently that God too exists† (34). Then, in the Fifth Meditation, Descartes claims to provide a proof for the existence of God. The proof operates on the idea of a triangle which has â€Å"a certain determinate nature, essence, or form which is unchangeable and eternal† (43). Descartes continues his proof stating that the properties of a triangle are not fabricated by or dependent on his mind.

The Message in The Prince :: Machiavelli Prince

The Message in The Prince The Prince, written by Niccolo Machiavelli, is one of the first examinations of politics and science from a purely scientific and rational perspective. Machiavelli theorizes that the state is only created if the people cooperate and work to maintain it. The state is also one of man?s greatest endeavors, and the state takes precedence over everything else. The state should be one?s primary focus, and maintaining the sovereignty of the state one?s most vital concern. The state is founded on the power of its military. Therefore, a strong military is vital to maintaining the state. Machiavelli believes that men respect power, but they will take advantage of kindness. He believes that when given the opportunity one must destroy completely, because if one does not he will certainly be destroyed. The prince should lead the military, and he has to be intelligent. An effective politician can make quick and intelligent choices about the problems that constantly arise before him. He must also h ave virtue, which means he is strong, confident, talented, as well as smart. A prince cannot be uncertain, because uncertainty is a sign of weakness.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Fortune controls half of human?s actions, and man?s will controls the other half. Virtue is the best defense for fortune, and virtue must be used in order to keep fortune in check. The prince must take advantage of situations based solely on if it is best for the state. He should choose his decisions based on contemporary and historical examples. A prince cannot consider whether his acts are moral or immoral, and he instead must act in an unbiased manner for the state. Also, it does not matter how the state achieves its goals, as long as these goals are achieved.   Finally, regardless of the personal morality involved, the prince should be praised if he does good for the state and berated if he hurts the state. Machiavelli?s principles have widespread influence, and they are quite similar to some of Thomas Hobbes ideas in Leviathan.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Machiavelli has a very low opinion of the people throughout history.   In general, he feels that men are "ungrateful, fickle, liars, and deceivers." "They shun danger and are greedy for profit; while you treat them well, they are yours. They would shed their blood for you ? but when you are in danger they turn against you." Machiavelli basically has little respect for the people, and he feels as though they have not earned much either.

African americans and Native americans Essay

African Americans and American Indians or Native Americans are two of the major subordinate groups in America today. They face many forms of oppression from the dominant group and have many things in common when it comes to this oppression. I would like to focus on five specific types of oppression they face: stigmatization, segregation, ethnocentrism, prejudice, and discrimination. African Americans are facing stigmatization far less these days, but if one looks back a half-century, they will find countless examples. Stigmatization can include the de-humanization, labeling, characterizing, and degrading of a group. During slavery, blacks were stigmatized into the happy and carefree characters Mammy and Sambo. This was done to show that slavery was good and blacks probably wouldn’t be able to function in free society. When slaves were freed, blacks were painted as savages that could not be trusted to live normally. Caricatures of blacks with exaggerated features and portraits of the characters Sambo and Mammy still exist today. For Native Americans, stigmatization is far worse. Countless sports teams have a Native American as their mascot, some having very derogatory names such as the Washington Redskins. â€Å"Indians† were also portrayed as evil in countless western movies and as ruthless savages in others. These stigmatizations make â€Å"Indians† seem more like fantasy characters than real people. Many people do not realize that these stigmatizations are very hurtful and detrimental to society. Segregation, the separation of two or more groups based on physical characteristics, is another issue that still plagues African Americans and Native Americans. From the moment Europeans set foot on what is now America, they have been forcing â€Å"Indians† farther and farther west. The American government created reservations for the â€Å"Indians† so that they could have the valuable resources that they â€Å"needed†. Treaties were signed and broken, and the â€Å"Indians† moved farther along the Trail of Tears. Reservations still exist today and for the most part Native Americans have are not integrated into American society. Most would like to think that after the Supreme Court case Brown vs. Board of Education, segregation no longer exists for African Americans. Sure it’s not like we still have separate drinking fountains, but by and large blacks and whites are separate. In all major cities large housing projects have been created for low-income persons. The vast majority of the people living there are black. Most inner city schools are almost entirely made up of minorities. Legal segregation is no longer a problem anymore, but social segregation is still a major problem in society today and something needs to be done. Ethnocentrism is the feeling by one group that they are superior to another based on ethnic background. Native Americans have always been the victims of this. They were forced to leave their homeland by the â€Å"superior† Europeans and thought not good enough to live among them. Native Americans still live mostly separate and many people still degrade them and think of them as inferior both mentally and physically. Most people have not been exposed to them yet judge them anyways. This is very sad and disturbing. African Americans were thought of as the lowest, stupidest, least civilized people on earth. The whites thought they were far superior and showed this by literally stealing African Americans from their homeland of Africa and forcing to into slave labor. Even after slavery, white supremacy groups such as the KKK still exist and continue to be a proponent for the inferiority of African Americans. Many think of blacks as being less far less intelligent and civilized even today. Prejudice and discrimination are two of the biggest problems facing African and Native Americans today, and the two go hand in hand. Prejudice involves negative attitudes towards ethnic groups, which can include beliefs, thoughts, and stereotypes. Discrimination is taking action on these prejudices by denying certain rights and opportunities to these groups. Prejudice leads to discrimination of these groups. African Americans as well as Native Americans are discriminated against in employment opportunities, housing options, public school resources, and countless other ways. They are  discriminated against because of these prejudices and stereotypes.For example, say a black man walks into a store with his white friend. The employees of the store are more likely to offer service to the white man and will probably follow the black man to make sure he is not shoplifting. The prejudice views they hold cause them to discriminate against the black man. These problems are very real even today and unless society as a whole addresses them and ways to stop them, they will continue to destroy the fabric of our country.

Charter

More tab of the library website, locate the following five database articles that deal with the dangers of global warming and climate change. If you have difficulty finding these resources through the library databases, contact the Embedded Librarian, Jodi Loomed, by posting a question to the Library Questions & Tips discussion forum. â€Å"Study on Energy Use in China,† by X. Yang and R. J. Crooked, in the Journal of the Energy Institute. â€Å"Lawsuit Aims to Alter Climate Report,† in theBulletin of the American Meteorological Society. â€Å"Balancing Carbon Management and Renewable Fuels Production,† by Mark Fuchs and Cheery Sullivan, in Bicycle. â€Å"Global Warming, Dangerous Storms and Biomass Losses in the Oceans,† by Ben Kroger, in Sea Technology. â€Å"Climate of Change,† by Broodier Raman, in the Canadian Medical Association Journal. In a Word document (name the document â€Å"01 _Yearned_Billion†), arrange your complete citations i n alphabetical order, by author if available; If no author is listed, arrange by title of the article.Compile entries in complete PAPA American Psychological Association) format and Include the following citation elements needed to cite an online Journal article: Author(s) Name(s) Year Title of the Article Title of Journal Volume Number Issue Number Page Number(s) DOI (Digital Object Identifier) OR URL of the article If no DOI Is present The alphabetized arrangement, use of capitalization, and formatting (using a hanging Indent of one-half Inch) should all conform to PAPA requirements. You can refer to the listed on the Write & Cite tab of the library website.Once your bibliography Is omelet, submit It to your Instructor Charter By matter 23 Association Journal. In a Word document (name the document â€Å"01 _Yearned_Bible'), arrange your complete citations in alphabetical order, by author if available; if no (American Psychological Association) format and include the following cit ation DOI (Digital Object Identifier) OR URL of the article if no DOI is present The indent of one-half inch) should all conform to PAPA requirements. You can refer to the listed on the Write & Cite tab of the library website. Once your bibliography is complete, submit it to your instructor